The Tests and What Your Certificate Lets You Do

Two tests stand between a trained applicant and the certificate. The aeronautical knowledge test is a computer-based, multiple-choice exam requiring a score of 70 percent to pass. The practical test, or checkride, is given by an FAA examiner and combines an oral portion with a flight portion, all evaluated against the Airman Certification Standards. Once certificated, a private pilot may act as pilot in command of aircraft for which they are rated and may carry passengers, but generally may not fly for compensation or hire. A key allowance is that a private pilot may share the operating expenses of a flight with passengers on a pro rata basis, limited to fuel, oil, airport expenditures, and rental fees — and the pilot must pay at least their own equal share, with the flight made for a common purpose rather than merely to transport the passengers. The rule (14 CFR 61.113) also lists narrow exceptions the test probes: a private pilot may fly in connection with a business or employment if the flight is only incidental to it and carries no passengers or property for hire; may fly a charitable, nonprofit, or community-event flight under the conditions of Part 91; may be reimbursed for search-and-location operations; may demonstrate an aircraft to a buyer as an aircraft salesperson with 200 hours; and may tow gliders or unpowered ultralights when qualified. Separately, you must present your pilot certificate, medical (or BasicMed compliance), and photo ID for inspection on request by the FAA, the NTSB, or any federal, state, or local law-enforcement officer. The guiding principle remains that private flying is personal, not commercial.